racism Essay -- essays research papers

RacismAn underlying problem is promoting racism. It is the fact that a lot of stack believe, and try to make they believe, that racism no longer exists. Many concourse today live their lives oblivious to what is happening in the world around them, often trying to convince themselves that racism is not a problem in their world. Others know all about the problem, but dont really realize that they themselves could possibly be adding to the problem by discriminating against someone elses human rights, and at the same time going around saying how open-minded they are. One of the main problems of racism is that many people live in racist conditions, without stock-still seeing it. Often times its in their school, workplace, community, or even in their own homes. People often tell jokes with racist slurs, and while we know not to laugh at ones about blacks, it seems that ones about other races like Chinese and Hispanic are okay. We tell ourselves that they are righteous jokes, but not to those who they are ridiculing. We are all perpetrators of this and we usually feel that these types of jokes are harmless. They can be harmless and maybe at times we even think they are funny, but they are also hurtful and degrading. Some of the biggest racists are those who dont even know that they are, and even say that they arent. These people are racist because they cannot comprehend what is happening and do not realize what they are saying is racist. Until they come to grips with this problem, in th...

Edgar Allen Poes The Cask Of Amontillado :: essays research papers fc

"The Cask of Amontillado" Grimes ii Outline Thesis The descriptive details in "The Cask of Amontillado" not only appeal to the senses of the audience, but also scan that the narrator has a memory that has been haunted with details that he can recall fifty years later. I. Introduction II. Auditory draw III. Humor Appeal IV. Visual Appeal V. Conclusion Grimes 1 "The vividness with which Poe transcribes his sensory experiences contributes powerfully to the response his stories invoke" (Fagin 202). In "The Cask of Amontillado," Edgar Allan Poe uses captivating images to descriptively tell a tail of revenge, while appealing to the senses of the audience. In "The Cask of Amontillado," Montressor seeks to have revenge on Fortunato for an unknown insult. Montressor confesses at the beginning of the story, "The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge" (Lowell 214). Montreso r wants to "not only punish, but punish with impunity"(214). The nature of this insult is not made clear however, the proofreader is led to believe that the insult changed Montresors social status. Montresor says to Fortunato "You are rich, respected, admired, beloved you are happy, as once I was." This leads the reader to believe that Montresor once had blue social status, but that status has changed due to the insult by Fortunato. Fortunato, entering the scene wearing a jesters costume, is unaware of Montesors evil intentions of murder. Montresor persuades Fortunato, who prides "himself on his connoisseurship in wine," to go into the family vaults so he can taste and identify some "Amontillado" (Lowell 215). Along the way Fortunato becomes extremely drunk and unaware of Montresors evil temporary hookup of murder. Montresor then proceeds to lead him through the catacombs and finally buries him alive behind a wall. Montresor calls to Fortunato, but the only reply that he receives comes in the "jingling of the bells" from Fortunatos cap (222). Grimes 2 II. Auditory Appeal The fact that the narrator mentions the "jingling of the bells" several times after fifty years indicates that he is haunted with a memory of their sound. Poe knew that the audience would relate the terrifying sound of the bells to premature burial. Premature burial is a concern during the 19th century when Poe writes this short story (Platizky 1). bonk burial is practiced during this time as a form of capital punishment in Europe (1).

My Life on Togetherness Essays -- family, parents, religion, freedom

I belong to a family that is characterized by being quite Post-modern. Talking near my parents, they do both participate in the humans sphere. They both work in two separate domains, having consequently more freedom in the public sphere they encounter as a daily basis. For example, my mother works as a teacher, so she comes across mostly teachers and professors, and my father works as an architect, so he encounters mostly architects, without corrupting one another by endless phone calls or whatever. So Togetherness, which is the opposite of autonomy, is not really seen. What I described before is how things go between my parents, but I did not yet talk about the situation between my parents and us, their children. Our freedom grows proportionally with our age. When we were young, we werent curtail to communicate only to the family members. In school, we were free to meet and talk to whoever we want. Of course they do warn us of the bad persons we might encounter, but we were feeli ng comfortable. As we grew up, the relationship between us start to be friendlier. Trust is there, which I believe is one of the most important criteria that should exist within a relationship, comfort is there, everything is fine. However, a criterion of togetherness was missing, which is the freedom of choice. Choices available to me were those that my parents provided me with. For example, one of my goals in my Life was, and still is, to become a Formula 1 racing driver, but alas I wasnt able to achieve that, because my parents simply werent able to assimilate the idea that I drive a dangerous, fast car. I know its as well as late now, but my dream is still to drive a Formula 1 car, at least before I pass away.Anyway, my family is the ... ...rnal or external. when everythings tick along just fine, I dont think most people give much thought to it evidence of that can be found in the confusion with which most people will respond to questions like, what makes someone a man/wom an?, or, how do you know that youre a woman/man?, without referring to biology. But as soon as somethings not quite right, whether thats an internal feeling of incongruence or an external challenge to ones gender, suddenly it becomes very important indeed. Finally it does work for me, and I am not emphasizing any counter ideas toward girls. I dont book any problem with them each of us is different at several levels. I can have positive criteria by being a boy and my sister, for example, can also have positive criteria that I do not have by being a girl. I was born a male I will grow as a male, and will die as a male.

Comparing Canada and America Essay example -- Canada America Culture C

Comparing Canada and AmericaThe controversy over Canada and America, and who takes after whom has been rough for many years. Canada and America are puzzles, twain countries that are home to millions of people, living in relative comfort and health. We both have become nations through the help of each otherwise and other nations. Yet, Canada has its profess identity as a delightful complexity of cultures and customs, government and heroes. On the other hand, Canadians are simply non Americans by government and technology.Canadas give identity starts with our remarkable sense of culture and customs. For the native peoples, the Canadian identity stretches thousands of years into the search of struggles to retain elements of their ancient culture. From a colonial perspective, the traditions which surface in Canadian culture seem to be born of an earlier time, of different origins and places, of old-fashioned rituals, and customs. Unlike the unify States, its senior neighbor, Canad as aged-like identity is more close and skillful, unwilling to commit it self to anything specific. Within each region of Canada-North, South, East, West and Central- there are definite qualities that detach Prairie from Maritimes, Ontario from Quebec and the Territories from the British Columbia. Each of these regions are unconnected by how they live, and their different culture background. Which forms our own identites within the counrty. Canadian and American government also show difference in how they govern themselves. United States is a country of one basic language. It has one main language, for its federal government and for every state. Canada is a country of two basic languages, French and English. A randomness basic difference between our Constitution and the American is that we are a constitutional monarchy and they are republics. For we have a parliamentary-cabinet government, while the Americans have a presidential-congressional. This core that the president is the head of the state and head of the government. While in Canada the Governor General is head of the provinces and the Prime Minister is the head of the government. Parliamentary-cabinet government is based on a concentration of powers. The Prime Minister must by custom be a member of one House or the other, or modernize a seat in the House. In the United States, the President and every other member of both houses are e... ... do. We are the unknown country to completely other nations because Canada has not been a troublesome country. We do not have violent revolutions and we do not invade other peoples lands. A law-abiding nation does not get in the headlines very much. We are proud of our past heritage and have gained great respect from all other nations. Our land also contributes to our own identity. It is a celebration of the beauty and love of our landscapes. Without out our own identity, we would be like all other nations, fighting for our needs. every(prenominal) nation wou ld be alike, and tourism would not be a big attraction to our nation. We have a very rich and diverse heritage.Everywhere around us is our heritage. Our government, language, customs and habits, music, books and a wide variety of scientific inventions are gifts to us from our ancestors who lived in Canada. But, the influence of our heritage has been shaped by the influence of United States and many other nations. The histories of these nations have helped us become the country that it is today. Everyone living in Canada is lucky to have a great country, without many problems. I think, it is not hard to say that everyone is proud Canadian.

Biometrics :: Science Technology Essays

BiometricsFor most people when first hearing the word biometrics, they have an instant reaction to tune out. Just because the circumstance sounds complicated and somewhat boring does not mean that the information behind the term is incredibly interesting and fun When first discussing the term with others, I similarly thought it would be a typical boring computer military issue. It was not until I began to research the topic, that I saw computers to be intriguing. One of my favorite aspects of the topic is what it initially reminds me of. I could not help but think of spy and other technical movies that show biometrics being utilize.The term biometrics, refers to the automated methods of categorizing a person, based on their behavioral, and physiological characteristics. What people may not know about biometric systems, is that the basis alone is from natures oldest way of identification. By determining these characteristics in an stylemark inquiry, this information can then be s aved in reference, for identification to determine if the user can be granted access to any occult or secured location. This particular method of recognition is preferred to those such as, passwords, or pin numbers. Although these methods are still commonly used, with biometrics we are able to stumble sure the person being identified is physically present, and elements the hassle of remembering several passwords. These physiological techniques could include fingerprints, retinal scanning, voice patterning, facial recognitions, DNA summary along with hand and finger geometry.Biometrics is such a rapidly improving technology, that has been previously used for years in forensics, such as identification, and prison house security. While the behavioral techniques include handwriting and voice recognition, gait, and keystroke dynamics. By having these special techniques replacing pins, we are able to feel secure about unauthorized used of ATMs cellular phones, desktop PCs, and other p ersonal securities. In addition to these currently password protected areas, biometrics can besides replaces keys for automobiles, such as key-less entry. Trust in these areas of secured access, is essential to a happy and healthy environment. Even though there are several ways of detection identity, the most popular has been the facial recognition and fingerprint matching. These techniques are expected to be added in aid for homeland security identification, at places such as airports, along with helping in reliable travel documents, and preventing ID theft. Along with the important need for reliable homeland security, biometrics are important in areas such as financial transactions, retail sales, investing, electronic banking, law enforcement, and health and social services.

Biometrics :: Science Technology Essays

BiometricsFor most people when first hearing the contrive biometrics, they have an instant reaction to tune out. Just because the term sounds complicated and somewhat boring does not mean that the information behind the term is incredibly interesting and fun When first discussing the term with others, I too thought it would be a typical boring computer topic. It was not until I began to question the topic, that I saw computers to be intriguing. One of my favorite aspects of the topic is what it initially reminds me of. I could not help but think of spy and other technical foul movies that show biometrics being used.The term biometrics, refers to the automated methods of categorizing a person, based on their behavioral, and physiologic characteristics. What people may not know about biometric systems, is that the understructure alone is from natures oldest way of identification. By determining these characteristics in an authentication inquiry, this information can then be saved i n reference, for identification to determine if the drug user can be granted access to any private or secured location. This particular method of recognition is preferred to those such as, passwords, or pin numbers. Although these methods argon still commonly used, with biometrics we be able to make sure the person being identified is physically present, and elements the hassle of remembering several passwords. These physiological techniques could include fingerprints, retinal scanning, voice patterning, facial recognitions, DNA analysis along with hand and finger geometry.Biometrics is such a rapidly improving technology, that has been antecedently used for years in forensics, such as identification, and prison security. While the behavioral techniques include handwriting and voice recognition, gait, and keystroke dynamics. By having these special techniques replacing pins, we are able to feel secure about unauthorized used of ATMs cellular phones, desktop PCs, and other personal securities. In add-on to these currently password protected areas, biometrics can also replaces keys for automobiles, such as key-less entry. Trust in these areas of secured access, is essential to a happy and healthy environment. even though there are several ways of detecting identity, the most popular has been the facial recognition and fingerprint matching. These techniques are expected to be added in aid for homeland security identification, at places such as airports, along with helping in safe travel documents, and preventing ID theft. Along with the important need for reliable homeland security, biometrics are important in areas such as financial transactions, retail sales, investing, electronic banking, law enforcement, and health and social services.

Catch a Fire Essay

The book Catch a Fire is a beautiful description of the Jamaican culture, the Rastafarian trustingness, the growth and development of reggae unison and how it all added up to make Bob Marleys life. All of those elements of what made Bob Marley human impart be talked about and explained in this paper. The best artists are the ones who have passed but there work still lives on and Bob Marley left an unforgettable spot on modern music, both as a reggae creator and as a cultural icon.His beliefs and values helped him become a part of the Rastafarian faith and grow into a great musician whose music is still listened to today. The author, Timothy White, did an amazing job describing Bobs background giving his readers a more greater appreciation for Marley and his music. Jamaicans are often stereotyped as carefree and fun loving. While most Jamaicans do value a sense of humor, as well as music and dance, they also have a tradition of hard work and a strong respect for education.Bob Ma rley, the son of a black teenage mother and much older white father, was born in Jamaica in the village known as Nine Miles. Born premature in 1945, Bob was raised by his mother and relatives and was al agencys surrounded by tales of mysticism and spiritual beings of the Jamaican culture that influenced his daily life. Around the measure Bob was born, in 1944, Jamaicans gained the right to vote because of the new constitution. (1) During this time the population grew and there werent much job opportunities, leading to an expanding slum population.Class, color, and ethnicity were a monolithic deal in Jamaica and would play a huge role of where you would fit in, work, or even shop. Bob once said, I dont tie-up for black mans side, I dont stand for white mans side, I stand for Gods side. (2) The Jamaican history has not been a peaceful one, but its struggles have created one of the strongest cultures. The Rastafarian faith was one of the biggest influences of why Bobs music and the way he lived was the way it was. It all started with Marcus Garvey, who was responsible for bringing Rastafarianism to the islands.Garvey was famous for the saying Look to Africa (Catch a Fire pg. 8) This statement set the stage for what allow for be the making of Rastafarianism. Rastafarianism got so popular that when Haile Selassie came to Jamaica in 1966 over 100,000 Rastas surrounded his plane. The late 1960s is when Bob truly began to find himself and accept his religion and honk its beliefs into his songs like Rastaman Vibration and Jah Live. Not only did the Rastafarian faith help Bob with his music, it helped him find who he really was and grow as a person.He finally started to see the beauty in life. Marley started making music in ska and Rock Steady then eventually moved towards reggae as his music evolved. more than of Marleys early work was produced by Coxsone Dodd at Studio One then he signed to Chris Blackwells Island Records label in 1971. Marleys music was one o f the main reasons reggae was accepted outside of Jamaica. Although Bob couldnt escape all the troubles of the ghetto, without music, he would have been right there in Kingston with those primitive boys and bad men causing trouble.Music brought out the best in Bob and showed him the true values of life. The King of Reggae, Bob Marley made such an feign on the music industry with his creativity and passion he put into his music and performances. As you can see, Bob would have never made it croak without his Jamaican cultural background, his Rastafarian faith or his love for music. His thinking and beliefs were always voiced in his songs speaking of love, peace, equality and his spirituality. And, after almost triplet decades since his death, his music is still listened to by millions of people around the world.

Caring for the Elderly and Their Views on Aging

Caring for the Elderly and their Views on Aging Kesha Edwards ECPI University Nursing 111 Mrs. Shaffer June 8th, 2012 The purpose of this report is to go over the maturation and carriage of Ms. Rose Brown, who happens to be one of my residents at the nursing household I am currently employed at how she feels intimately senescent in todays society, and also what she has learned and what she would construct done differently. She is 67 years-old, and lives by herself. With this report, I intend to learn about her life crack and, as well suggest and inform her ways to improve her life.After spending two afternoons call into questioning Ms. Brown, I gained some knowledge on how she perceives the aging process and the preserve on the tonus of her life. Firstly, she assured me that she views aging in a very positive and healthy way. Ms. Brown first stated that aging itself has a harmful reputation, but all isnt bad. The best thing about aging is the experiences one can acquire a nd sh be with younger people. She believes that, a positive emplacement and assists in accepting oneself and the physical and psychological changes.She enjoys the fact that, she is physically fit and cognitively alert. She is positively sure that with the advances made in a health care, the quality of her life will be granted. Also, she enjoys the make headways of being a senior citizen, including discounted travel and fares, lower cost Medicare. Over all, the spare time to do what she loves. However, when I name about a prospicient term care, such as Nursing home, if for any instance she ever considered going to a nursing home for a better assistance she paused for a moment, as if was something that made her really sad.She replied that, she has no regards on going to a nursing home, in her opinion nursing home is a place where she would feel isolated of the world and her close friends. Most important, she would feel useless, being in a place that people would do everything for h er. Secondly, she is apprehensive to be neglected and mistreated. Many times she asked herself, will I be adroit? Will I be alone or surrounded with happy people? Will I be cared? I also shared with Ms. Brown about different topics concerning elderly, in particular, ageism, social network, and caregiving. On my second interview with Ms. Brown, I decided to bring my Gerontology notebook Aging, the Individual, and Society, so I could share with her some facts about aging, elderly, how society views it, and most important. From the book, we look up about Ageism, I asked her, what she had to say about it and if she ever felt discriminated for being old. She had a positive response to that, she told from the 25 years she had been leaving here, younger propagation have always respected her, and generous to her.We also read chapter 4 Physical Health and Wellbeing, leaving by herself it important to know about being self-sufficient, we cover chapter 5 Mental Health, Finances and lifesty les, chapter 9, statistically speaking, womens financial needs are different from mens. Women live long-lasting than men, most often they see themselves leaving in an income below average. Lastly, we read chapter 10 Living Environment, and The Oldest-old and Caregiving, on chapter 11.One of my concerns with Ms. Brown was the fact that she was leaving by herself. What are some problems that the elderly may face living alone? I think the greater concern would be loneliness, anyone who has been married for a long time, and now faces widowhood, certainly will miss their mate. Other concerns are, not eating properly vulnerability to strangers, unable to maintain a household, forgetting to take their medicine, unable to laissez passer outside without help, and the list goes on.As a caretaker at the South Richmond Adult facility, a couple of major challenges facing our facility include the increased rules and regulations, the increase burden of Documentation and Paperwork, understaffing and having enough sub-acute trained nurses and quality therapists seeing that I often have ten to twenty residents because of the understaffing issue, and treating increasingly difficult patients with reduced reimbursements and stingy funding.Besides my children, two of my most significant accomplishments to date would have to include obtaining my CAN and working in this field for the past six years, and finally making the finale to attend college and obtain my Nursing Degree. A couple of my strengths as being a caretaker would include my communication skills, which I believe are great and benefit me in my everyday career. I enjoy speaking with patients nd families whenever possible. I even spend the day with some of my residents on my days off. I have come to believe that a close friendly relationship is very important with the families as well as the patients as they are coping with ageing of someone close and all the health issues that follow. Also, my organizational skills are very important to me as well as my fellow co-workers. Remaining organized and schedule allows for a smoother day.I have come to believe that my greatest weakness is finding it challenging on occasions to separate my feelings from my career. My views on ageing are that it can be a beautiful thing. If you take care of your body at a young age and eat healthy, when you become older it wont affect you as much. With age comes wisdom, so once you become a certain age, you have done a lot in life and you have the knowledge and wisdom to pass on to younger people.

Natives and the Justice System Essay

The Angus viewed the relationship mingled with Aboriginal people and the Europeans in various ways. The Europeans in the particular context appeared to be superior since they had instigated many activities during the fur trade. An interaction between the particular cultures existed. It saw the union of spousal hold water between a young girl of Ojibwa origin and a certain Scottish fur trader. She resided on the shores of the Georgian Bay. The union derived various benefits to her community hardly the marriage life of Ikwe was marked with isolation and destitution.The Scottish people did not approve the union. Various values and customs often contradicted and drove the relationship that existed between the Scottish trader and Ikwe. The Europeans had at that time embraced and demanded oppression with slavery and forced trade being the mode of operation. The marriage was not perceived hale since there was no unity at that time between the European settlers and the Africans. Any co llaboration between the Aboriginal people and the European settlers was viewed negatively by the indigenous people who resided in that particular community. The white settlers and traders ruled the lands at that time and treaties were a rare occurrence. Marriage between a trader and an uncreated girl had various perceptions and it was evident that no form of collaboration would exist between the two families there by dismantling the very basic principles of marriage and family.From Angus perspective, various elements stayed hidden between the Aboriginal peoples relationship with the Europeans. The tension that existed between the people superseded the benefits that the community derived from the Europeans. The local traditions feared for the life of Ikwe since she would adopt new ways and forget the customs within which she was bread.Angus did not view Aboriginal people to be equal to the Europeans. According to him the Europeans were more superior. In the movie, the aboriginals we re offered less attention by the government compared to the Europeans. The Europeans were given priority in the public offices1. The others were perceived and treated as middle-level and irrelevant. The aboriginals had low paying jobs and others were enslaved by the Europeans. This explains why the Europeans opposed the marriage between Ikwe and the trader. Ikwe was an aboriginal and they were regarded as inferior and less intelligent compared to the Europeans. The aboriginals were seen as workers and employees of the Europeans and they criticized the marriage especially the Scottish trader for crooked too low to marry an aboriginal. This clearly depicts that the European society was considered to be superior and more appreciated compared to the other people.In the film, the aboriginals were alienated and tell apartd from the Europeans. They had separate residential areas where the Europeans leaved under better and conducive areas compared to the aboriginals. The aboriginals have restricted movement and they mainly staid in shanties where the living conditions were very poor and uplifted level of poverty and insecurity. In the places of work, the Europeans were considered for the bigger positions and responsibilities. Only Europeans took the leadership positions and the aboriginals were treated as minorities whose rights were ever infringed.In the video, Angus views the aboriginal people as inferior to the Europeans. They are alienated and treated as minorities with no rights. The Europeans considered themselves superior and more intelligent1ReferencesMilward, David. Aboriginal Justice and the Charter Realizing a Culturally Sensitive Interpretation of sub judice Rights. UBC Press, 2012.Ikwe. Directed by Norma Bailey. 1986.Source document

Ozone Depletion Essay

The Ozone layer is located in the Earths upper atmosphere. It acts as a barrier and absorbs majority of UV irradiation before it hits Earths surface. Ozone is made up of three oxygen molecules that ar of course occurring molecules. The depletion of the ozone has become a worldwide issue and is caused by the dislodge of CFCs into the atmosphere. CFCs release centilitre atoms which break down ozone molecules. The depletion of the ozone layer threatens to leave tone on Earth unprotected from UV radiation. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms.CFCs force out be found in spray plentys, in the plastics industry and in refrigerants. When UV rays in the upper atmosphere hit CFC molecules, a carbon-chlorine constipate breaks leaving a single chlorine atom. This chlorine atom reacts with the ozone molecule causing it to breakdown. The breakdown of ozone leaves an ordinary oxygen molecule (O2) as well as a chlorine monoxide molecule. Because UV radiati on breaks oxygen molecules into single oxygen atoms, the single oxygen atom then breaks up the chlorine monoxide.With the chlorine atom left by itself, it is then able to repeat the process of breaking down more ozone molecules. However, the depletion of the ozone is not only caused by CFCs. Halons, CH3CCI, CCI4, HCFCs, hydrobromofluorocarbons and methyl bromide are all linked with ozone depletion leaving life on earth vulnerable to the effects from exposure to UV radiation. With the depletion of the ozone, UV radiation becomes more accessible to life on Earth and effects from this radiation follow.Since ozone filters UV radiation, with ozone depletion comes high(prenominal) levels of UV radiation hitting the surface of the Earth. The increase in ultra-violet rays consequently mean higher risk of skin cancers and cataracts in humans and animals. Higher levels of this radiation also damages materials such as plastics, harm certain crops as well as marine animals. Extra UV radiation deters the natural reproductive cycle of phytoplankton (a single celled organism at the bottom of the food chain) Scientists fear that the population of other species will decrease with the loss of phytoplankton.Since the depletion of the ozone layer, researchers have recognised obvious deviations in the reproductive rates of fish, shrimp and crabs as well as frogs and salamanders. These changes in organisms reproductive rates and higher risks of skin cancer and cataracts can all be linked to the depletion of the ozone layer. Since CFCs have been released into the atmosphere, Earths naturally occurring ozone layer has been depleting. The ozone layer above the Antarctic has been majorly affected by CFC pollution since the mid 1980s.However, CFCs were banned in 1987 to prevent further damage to the ozone layer. Results of ozone depletion can be dramatically seen throughout the southern spring and summer when the sun shines for longer periods at a time. Due to chlorine reacting with t he Ultra-violet rays, ozone is destroyed on a scale of up to 65% during these months. Even though CFCs were banned in the 1980s scientists estimate it will take another 50 years for chlorine levels to return to their natural levels.With CFCs being emitted into the atmosphere, the breakdown of ozone has resulted. Without the ozone filtering UV rays, higher levels of radiation are able to hit the Earths surface leading to higher rates in skin cancer and cataracts. Ozone depletion has also been linked with the obstruction of organisms natural reproductive cycles. Although they were banned in the late 1980s, CFCs will continue to be present in the atmosphere for many more years causing ozone depletion to remain a worldwide issue.

Mirza Ghalib’s Prose Essay

integrity of the most influential luminaries of the Subcontinent writings, Mirza Asad Ullah Khan, continues to win the hearts of the posterity drolleryh his evergreen literary whole caboodle. His is renowned for his poetic endeavors in Urdu and Iranian language with thousands of high quality verses to his credit. He bagged a major chunk of fame through his rich philosophical verses which often eclipse his status as a prolific prose-writer. M each nonable writers proclaim that Ghalib could have garnered the same magnitude of fame tho on the basis of his amazing prose.He gave a red-hot and refreshing verbal expressiont to the genre of prose- piece and thereby, is often referred to as the father of prose-writing in the realm of Urdu literature. He is the most written ab issue of all the poets of Urdu literature , so very much so that the study of his works has surprisingly been converted into a branch of exhaustive Urdu literature framed Ghalibiyaat. Ghalib truly excelled in t he domain of garner and diary writing ( specially letter-writing which he started in 1857), endowing the bearing a novel characteristic.Before Ghalib ventured into literature, the prose literature included only a few theological and fictional books unnecessarily encumbered with heavy Persian and Arabic words. Ghalib divorced this highly artificial style in vogue, and hospitably welcomed his peculiar austere writing style. He effortlessly wrote two signifi laughingstockt Urdu collections of earn Urdu-e-Muallah (The Royal Urdu) and Ud-i-Hindi (The Indian Amber), laying a solid set upation of easy, popular and yet literary Urdu. He added a nonher dramatic feather to his literary cap through his narrative of historical accounts penned into impressive journal/diary format.This format includes Dastanboo (Pellet of Perfume) and Mihr-e-Nim Roz (Midday Sun), both in Persian language. His idiosyncrasy became so popular that up to now the most popular writers including Maulana Hali and Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan embraced his unpretentious style and carried forth the valuable legacy. Through analysis it becomes clear that there cannot be encountered any essential difference between the style that Ghalib follow, and the style which is prevalent in todays era which demands simplicity as well, rather than the complex and mystic literature, embodying the heavy dose of flowery vocabulary and low content value.Ghalib was a gifted and an erudite writer with no dearth of creative thinking introducing the new style being the biggest example of his treasure of creative skills. His letters project a clear, uncomplicated, natural and fascinating style, characterized with unimaginable flow, rhythm and spontaneity in his language. He adopted a conversational manner in his letters, giving the impression that he is conducting a conversation with a wizard who is ostensibly sitting in seem of him, discussing the everyday matters face-to-face. Such open and frank style even assists a r eader to bond and gel with writers flow of thought.His words are impregnated with loud and fearless expressions of his innermost feelings, and at the same time reflect Ghalibs highly developed taste and have a go at itledge, owing to his aristocratic lineage. He expresses them openly and frankly, and at the same time he expects the correspondent to reciprocate the same intensity of emotions and frankness. Apart from being simplified linguistically, the letters are quite informal, progressing from the riming sentences and flattering epithets/long salutations, which were the characteristic features of the letters written by the educated Muslims, to simple salutations.Indebted to non-ornamental language, the commencement of a letter just by addressing the name of the recipient showed the transition in the long held tradition. Being celebrated for intense, intelligible poetry does not lessen Ghalibs removeional talent in wit and humor. A pioneer of informal writing, Ghalibs recipes neer lacked the spice of satire and comedy. His letters are rife in delighting humor and sharp wit, elucidating and highlighting Ghalibs jolly, candid and loving nature.He even smiled at the gloomiest moments because the severe jolts of life had made him learn to smile in order to strengthen himself in the face of even the most terrible scenarios so as to mitigate the bitter and distressful pangs of the agonizing life. For instance, when the 3rd wife of one of his friends died, Ghalib remarked all(a)ah Allah, there are any(prenominal) among us who have been freed from this prison three times and I have for the past 50 years this roundabout around my neck neither this rope breaks nor it takes my life.An otherwise such example of his light-heartedness can be seen in one of his letters to Saif-ul-Haq, in which Ghalib candidly and apt(p)ly talks his friend out of move the predictable gift of mangoes, a fruit, of which he was awfully fond of, but was besides flooded with, by his f riends and companions. I cannot think of anything which I can get hold of you to send me from Surat. What is there to be had which cannot be had here. I give care mangoes no doubt, very much, not less than grapes, but how can they reach here safely from Surat and Bombay. The Malda mangoes are known here as Pewandi and Vilayati.They are fine indeed and they would be finer still at Surat, but it seems you would be going out of the way to send them from there to Delhi. The expense of sending mangoes worth a rupee would amount to about Rs. 4 by the parcel post and even then perhaps 10 out of 100 will get here in a sound condition. Please give up the imagination of sending me any. Delicious mangoes of various kinds can be had here in plenty. The Nawab of Rampur often sends presents of fine mangoes from his own garden. While I am writing I have just received two baskets of mangoes from a friend at Bareily.They have been opened in my presence but all except 83 out of 200 sent to me have become rotten. Ghalibs inexhaustible fund of humor not only eased his sorrows, but similarly pacified bereavement of the others. Ghalib himself said I want to write the lines that whoever reads those should enjoy it. Similarly, his journals are likewise the epitome of simplicity and the natural flow of language characterized by the bleakness of his sadness and the reflection of a bleeding heart. Thematically, Ghalibs letters are really pivotal and significant as they give a thorough acuteness into his exceedingly sensitive psycheality and thought patterns.Ghalib started penning letters to his friends around the tumultuous and chaotic period of Indian Mutiny 1857. This period not only marked profound change in Subcontinents history, but also in Ghalibs life. Ghalibs beloved city crumbled to the ground, turning into rubbles and waste as a result of aggressive fight between the British and the Indian rebels. It drowned Delhi into the rent of not only the common Indians, but al so in the blood of many of Ghalibs friends. A lot of his friends migrated from crimson-coated Delhi to seek refuge in other parts of the Indian Subcontinent.This left Ghalib in a lot of pain because he could not bear this agonizing disunion as he used to cherish his camaraderie. He once in one of his letters told a friend From hundreds of miles talk with the tongue of pen and enjoy the joy of meeting when you are separated. To give vent to his gregarious urges, he took a step to compose letters so that he could keep in touch with his comrades, thereby writing 5 to 6 letters a day. His letters mostly written to friends can also be seen as a good word of his true regard for the pure relationship of friendship and his dependence on this means of communication.Being a writer he was definitely a man of words and therefore, craved to have an outlet of the immense sea of expression that he possessed especially lovingly freed among people that he loved and owning to his affable nature the re were many disregardless of them being his contemporaries and supposed competition. These feelings can be found in the following extract from a letter to one of his closest friends Tafta pg 51 Well sir would you continue to be cross or would you make stop with me? If you cannot get reconciled to me you should at least tell me the reason of your being cross. In my solitude I live chiefly on letters from friends.When I get a letter from a friend I take it to be a visit from him. There is not a day on which I do not receive several letters from various directions. In fact on some days the postman brings my letters more(prenominal) than once, a few in the morning and a few in the evening. This keeps me busy as well as amused and I easily play my day in enjoying their perusal and in having the pleasure of writing replies to them. Through his letters, he communicated well his sentiments regarding the War of Independence 1857, and the decline of the Mughal Empire, including the excr uciating effect it rendered on him and his friends lives.In his graphic letters, Ghalib presented the horrid picture of how Delhi was converting into a desert repayable to the scarcity of water, and also how the ruling Indian elite was culmination to a dismal end which he so consciously belonged to and boosted off. He gives a picturesque account of the gory annihilation with a deep legal community of gloom in it An ocean of blood churns around me Alas Were these all The future will show what remains for me to see In addition to this, he shared with his friends the other happenings that manoeuvered his life through the travails of life(Thus, the letters become autobiographical in nature).He also conversed about the mannerism and the propriety observed at that point in time in Delhi. He himself belonged to the imperial family of Seljuks, and invariably followed the decorum rampant at that time. A lot of his letters provide the testimony and several allusions to his nobility, the pride he took in it and his high self-respect as he proudly led a resplendent life of a royal person though he always was out of money and depended on the patronage of the royal court and the generosity of his friends.Moreover, Ghalib took great pride in his literary works, and in a letter to his friend and contemporary Majruh, he conscientiously acknowledged his role as the reformer of Urdu writing by introducing a much needed and ground breaking change that was openly adopted by his contemporaries so as to popularize Urdu prose. An extract of it is as following All the wealth of Delhi in gold and pearls and jewellery has flowed into the Punjab as a result of the loot that followed the Mutiny, but this style of writing was my peculiar property. This wealth has been looted by the cruel hands of a man from Panipat who resides in the Ansaris quarter.However I bear him no grudge for this loot. May divinity fudge sign on him. This small passage alone holds an array of cultural, hist orical and autobiographical dimensions. The exquisite letters also bring into light the poets unstable monetary conditions as only his poetry could qualify as his property for he never even had a house to his name. Needless to say that a talent like Ghalibs must be rightfully considered as a treasure, but the orphan despite being the owner of such a priceless self-possession survived owing to his friends favors or royal rewards.In the following extract from a letter written to his friend and fellow poet Saif-ul-Haq Sayyah, Ghalib discloses a dependable source of income For 12 years the late Nawab Yusaf Ali Khan of Rampur used to send his verses to me and to send a draft for Rs. 100 every month, but never asked me for a recognize for this money. He used to enclose the draft in his letter and he used occasionally to send a lump shopping centre of Rs. 200 or 250 as a present. During the disturbed period following the mutiny my income from the fort (that us the Red Fort of Delhi) had vanished and the pension from the British government had been stopped.It was through the unselfishness of the Nawab of Rampur, who continued sending the fixed salary every month and other sums in addition, that I and my dependents managed to live in those days. The present Nawab, his successor, may God preserve him long, continues to send me my monthly salary as usual, though I do not know whether the occasional gifts would continue or not. This letter shows his reproving dependence on others generosity and appreciation of literature.However, in the particular era, the royals and the aristocracy deemed all arts to be an asset to the heritage of their nation and did not hesitate in investing in it physically, mentally or financially. Kings, princes, nobles, common men delved into poetry, and it was socially compulsory for men of respectable parentage to show their talent in verses so as to affirm the capability of their cultured and refined minds. Therefore, literary men from al l walks of life esteemed Ghalib to be a patron of literature and made him the receiver of many deserved rewards.Unfortunately, the officials and courtesans of that time could be easily regarded as an early manifestation of the corrupt worm that is so dominatingly residing in the quenchless bulging bellies of the clerks and officials of our 21st vitamin C government. Ghalib as well became a victim of an absolutely unjust scheme of the devious courtiers which he aptly pens in a letter to his good friend Tafta of which an extract is given below You have reminded me of a very old story, which has revived a sore spot in my heart. A Qasida was submitted through Munshi Husain to Roshan-ud-Daula and through the latter to Nawab Naseer-ud-Din Haider of Lucknow.The Nawab ordered Rs. 5000 to be sent to me on the very day when the Qasida reached him. Muhammad Husain, the middle man, never informed me of the order. The late Muzaffar-ud-Daula came to Delhi from Lucknow sometime by and by this a nd told me about it, but he asked me not to tell Muhammad Husain that he had given me this information.I wrote to Sheikh imam Baksh Nasikh to enquire what had been the fate of my Qasida. He wrote back in reply that a reward of Rs. 5000 had been given by the ruler of Lucknow, but Roshan-ud-Daula himself kept Rs. 3000 out of the sum and gave Rs. 000 to Muhammad Husain telling him to send Ghalib any sum that he liked out of Rs. 2000. Nasikh enquired from me whether Muhammad Husain had sent anything out of the sum to me. I replied that I had not received even five rupees out of the whole sum of Rs5000. Nasikh on hearing this wrote to me again that I should write him a letter stating that I did not know whether any reward for my Qasida had been given by the king and he promised that he would manage to place the letter before the king and to get the person who had taken my money to disgorge it.I wrote a letter to the above effect as desired and posted it but on the 3rd after(prenominal) the dispatch of the letter I heard a report in Delhi that Naseer-ud-Din Haider was dead. You can see for yourself what I could do and what could be done by Nasikh after this misfortune. Through Ghalibs letter, the modern generation is facilitated to learn about the long sowed seed of corruption and injustice and also the mistreatment and exploitation of artists. Although the financial situation of writers, poets and other creative upholders has improved through the progressive times but even now they are not given their due share especially in the East.Similarly in another letter of his to Mir Mahdi Majruh, Ghalib reveals his priority to be his work and not the sales or the profits acquired from his work of art. This shows Ghalibs respect for his creativity and his unmatchable dignity. As acknowledged before by critics he was too much of a poet to think like a business man which also depicts the older generations simplicity and sensitive ego. The passage goes as You tell me that th ere are many people desirious of purchasing the book and that I should let you know the price.I am not a broker, a bookseller or the manager of a press. The owner of the Ahmadi press, where it has been published, is Muhammad Husain Khan. Its manager is Mirza Ammun Khan, the press is at shahdara. The owner lives at Delhi in Kucha Rai Man. The price of the book is -/6/-, postage extra. You may give this information to intending purchasers, who may send for any piece of copies they may like by post. They may remit the price either in cash or in postage stamps to the above address.You and I have nothing to do with the matter. Owning to his arrogance and self-assurance, Ghalib did not indulge in building facades and rightfully took the responsibility of a much needed literary reformer. Through his auto- biographical letters, many of the decadent literary traditions of the past times are revealed to us. For example, in those days authors and poets had the habit of sending their works an d books to their fellow esteemed colleagues to write eulogistic notes on them as a guarantee of the writers brilliance and talent regardless of its actual existence which in Urdu is known as Taqriz.The friends asked of the favor used to be down the stairs an unspoken oath of flooding their notes with excessively high acclaims and ostentatious bouquets of compliments, deserving or undeserving, which tainted the credibility of the author himself and the notes were cleverly ignored by the clever audience as a blank page of any book. Ghalib put a stop to this hollow practice and became moderate in offering praises due to which many of his friends felt mistreated at the hands of the usually generous Ghalib.Tafta, also once complained of the unkindness with which he was met when he received a hand-to-mouth(prenominal) gratification for one of his books which is illustrated in the following extract I cannot give up my principles. I do not know that style of Indian writers of Persian in which they begin to praise one like professional bhats. Look at my qasidas you will find that the proportions of poetical flights on general subjects of a literary nature is much larger in them than the verses devoted to the eulogy of the person praised. The same principle I follow in my prose.Look at the Taqriz I wrote on the book of Nawab Mustafa Khan and see how small the space devoted in it, to his praise is. See again the preface I wrote for the divan of Mirza Rahim-ud-Din Haya or look at the Taqriz I wrote at the instance of Mr. John Jacob on his edition of the Diwan-i-Hafiz. There is only one verse in praise of him and the rest of the writing, in prose, is on other interesting topics. I assure you if I had written a preface to a collection of poems of a prince I would not have given him more space than I have given to the praise of your work.If you knew this peculiarity of mine, you would have regarded the praise that I have bestowed on your work as enough. Similarly being o ne of the most celebrated and prominent writers of those times and also of the times ahead, Ghalib was a recipient of many books and works of his colleagues and reverent pupils for corrections, criticism, improvements and advice, a common practice in the era in question. It was commonplace for men of education to indulge in literary writings regardless of their parentage. Therefore, more room for criticism and professional help was made.Masters also, openly accepted this tedious and monetarily fruitless challenge so as to increase the number of their subservient pupils, a matter of pride and popularity in those days and also to encourage and invest in literary taste which in the 18th century was a testimony of refined culture. Ghalib in order to help his colleagues and pupils ran in extra mile by not only correcting their mistakes but by also writing helpful but lengthy additional notes so as to ensure improvement and fulfill his responsibility.An example of this is the following ex tract from a letter to Tafta in which Ghalib dutifully criticizes his sent work Well done. What a nice Qaida you have written? The continuity of sense and the simplicity of words are praise-worthy. One of your lines coincides with a line of a verse from Shaukat of Bukhara that is chak gardidamo az jaib badaman raftam. I think you may well be proud of your thought having reached the same height as that of Shaukat in this line, but the line preceding this in your poem does not come up to the corresponding line of Shaukat.